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Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. Plant taxonomy is concerned with grouping and classifying plants; botanical nomenclature then provides names for the results of this process. The starting point for modern botanical nomenclature is Linnaeus' ''Species Plantarum'' of 1753. Botanical nomenclature is governed by the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (''ICN''), which replaces the ''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature'' (''ICBN''). Fossil plants are also covered by the code of nomenclature. ==History and scope== Botanical nomenclature has a long history, going back beyond the period when Latin was the scientific language throughout Europe, to Theophrastus(c. 370–287 BC), Dioscorides (c. 40 – 90 AD) and other Greek writers. Many of these work have come down to us in Latin translations. The principal Latin writer on botany was Pliny the Elder (23–49 AD). From Mediaeval times, Latin became the universal scientific language (lingua franca) in Europe. Most written plant knowledge was the property of monks, particularly Benedictine, and the purpose of these early herbals was primarily medicinal rather than plant science ''per se''. It would require the invention of the printing press (1450) to make such information more widely available. Leonhart Fuchs, a German physician and botanist is often considered the originator of developing Latin names for the rapidly increasing number of plants known to science. For instance he coined the name ''Digitalis'' in his ''De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes'' (1542). A key event was Linnaeus’ adoption of binomial names for plant species in his ''Species Plantarum'' (1753). Every plant species is given a name that remains the same no matter what other species were placed in the genus, and this separates taxonomy from nomenclature. These species names of Linnaeus together with names for other ranks (such as family, class, order, variety), can serve to express a great many taxonomic viewpoints. In the nineteenth century it became increasingly clear that there was a need for rules to govern scientific nomenclature, and initiatives were taken to produce a body of laws. These were published in successively more sophisticated editions. For plants the key dates are 1867 (''lois'' de Candolle), 1906 (''International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature'', 'Vienna Rules') and 1952 (''International Code of Botanical Nomenclature'', 'Stockholm ''Code). The most recent is the ''Melbourne Code'', adopted in 2011. Another development was the insight into the delimitation of the concept of 'plant'. Linnaeus held a much wider view of what a plant is than is accepted today. Gradually more and more groups of organisms are being recognised as being independent of plants. Nevertheless the formal names of most of these organisms are governed by the (ICN), even today. A separate ''Code'' was adopted to govern the nomenclature of Bacteria, the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria''. All formal botanical names are governed by the ''ICN'', and within the limits set by that code there is another set of rules, the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)''. This latter code applies to plant cultivars, that have been deliberately altered or selected by humans (see cultigen) and require separate recognition. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「botanical nomenclature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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